Processes are the running applications that consume system resources like CPU and memory. Every process has a unique PID (Process ID), and can be viewed with ps or top, and terminated with kill or pkill. What Are Processes? A process is an instance of a running program. Every command you run creates a process. Key…
Linux lets you run commands in the background while you continue working, manage those jobs, and safely shut down or reboot the system. Background vs Foreground Mode Description Terminal Blocked? Foreground Command runs normally, you wait for it ✅ Yes Background Command runs behind the scenes ❌ No Visual: Running Commands in the Background (&)…
Environment variables are key-value pairs that the shell and its child processes use to store information — your username, home directory, default editor, and much more. The printenv and export commands let you view and set these variables. What Are Environment Variables? Environment variables are dynamic values that affect how processes run. Variable Description HOME…
Nano is a popular command-line text editor on Unix-based systems. It’s open source, simple, and powerful — a favorite for beginners and system administrators alike. Introduction and Installation Nano comes pre-installed on many Linux distributions. If not, install it with: Debian / Ubuntu: RHEL / Fedora: Arch / Manjaro: openSUSE: Opening Files with Nano Command…
a – prompt customization intro You customize the CLI prompt by editing the PS1 variable. Permanent changes — edit the config file for your shell: Shell Config File Bash ~/.bashrc Zsh ~/.zshrc Fish ~/.config/fish/config.fish Example — set a permanent prompt: Apply the changes: Temporary testing — just set PS1 directly in the terminal: b –…
A package manager is a tool that automates installing, upgrading, configuring, and removing software. Each package manager maintains a list of software packages that can be installed, updated, and removed from the system. Package managers also provide tools to search for packages, install dependencies, manage configurations, and automate updates. Almost all packages can be found…
The mount command attaches a filesystem or device to a directory (the mount point) so its contents become accessible. The umount command detaches it. Key point: A device must be mounted before you can read or write to its files. Linux treats everything as a file — including devices and filesystems. a – mount options…
28 – fdisk command fdisk is a command-line tool for managing partition tables on HDDs, SSDs, and other storage devices. You can create, delete, resize partitions, change their types, or check their status. Key point: fdisk edits the partition table, not the filesystem. Always back up data before modifying partitions. a – fdisk fdisk is…
These three commands form the backbone of filesystem management on Linux. fsck checks and repairs filesystems, mkfs creates them, and dd copies raw data between devices and files. Together they let you build, verify, and clone storage at a low level. Key point: These tools operate on filesystems and raw devices — not on individual…
ping and traceroute are two of the most fundamental network diagnostic tools. ping tells you whether a host is reachable and how fast the round trip is. traceroute tells you which path packets take to get there, hop by hop. Key point: Both tools use ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) by default. Some networks block…
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