xargs reads reads from standard input and execute a command you can use it to perform operations in multiple files or directories echo "hello world" | xargs echo @ → reads the string and and add it to echo ls -d */ | xargs ls -lh @ → reads all directories and list them with long and human readable format xargs -a aaa.txt → like cat command displays the contents of a file common commands: -L → limits the input lines per command -P → runs multiple commands in parallel -I → replaces `@` with each input line as an argument instead of whitespace
b - touch command
touch is used to create new empty files it is also used to update the timestamp of a file It can do the above for one or multiple files touch my.txt → creates an empty file if the my.txt exists then it updates its timestamp touch my1.txt my2.txt → creates empty files touch myfile{1..5}.txt → creates 5 files using wildcards