Linux CLI 39 🐧 tar and zip commands - KandZ

tar -cvf files.tar 1.txt 2.txt
tar -tf files.tar
tar -xvf files.tar
tar -cvfz files.tar.gz 1.txt 2.txt
tar -xvfz files.tar.gz
tar -cvfj files.tar.bz2 1.txt 2.txt
tar -xvfj files.tar.bz2

zip -r 1.zip 1/
zipinfo 1.zip
unzip -v 1.zip

tar and zip both bundle multiple files into a single archive, but they come from different worlds. tar is the Unix-native archiver — it bundles first, then optionally compresses with gzip or bzip2. zip is the cross-platform format — it bundles and compresses in one step, and Windows, macOS, and Linux can all open it.

Key point: tar by itself does not compress — it just bundles. Add z (gzip) or j (bzip2) to compress. zip always compresses. Use tar for Unix backups and long-term archives; use zip when you need compatibility with other operating systems.

a – tar command

tar is a tool for creating and manipulating archive files. It can pack multiple files into a single file and even compress them. You can also list the files in the archive and, of course, extract them.

The name: tar stands for Tape ARchive — it was originally designed to write backups to magnetic tape.

Syntax:

tar [options] [archive] [files...]

Common options:

Option	Purpose
`c`	Create an archive from files and/or directories
`x`	Extract an archive
`t`	List the contents of an archive
`v`	Verbose mode — show details
`r`	Update or add files to an existing archive
`W`	Verify the integrity of an archive
`z`	Use gzip compression
`j`	Use bzip2 compression
`J`	Use xz compression
`f`	Specify the filename of the archive
`A`	Concatenate multiple archive files into one
`C`	Change to a directory first
`p`	Preserve permissions
`--exclude`	Skip matching files

The three modes at a glance:

Mode	Option	Purpose
Create	`c`	Make a new archive
Extract	`x`	Unpack an archive
List	`t`	Show contents without extracting

Tip: You almost always need f (filename) with these — otherwise tar reads or writes to a tape device. The order is usually tar -cvf archive.tar files....

b – tar command examples

Here’s how the three modes look in practice, with and without compression:

Command	Description
`tar -cvf files.tar 1.txt 2.txt`	Creates an archive
`tar -tf files.tar`	Lists contents of an archive
`tar -xvf files.tar`	Extracts files from an archive
`tar -cvfz files.tar.gz 1.txt 2.txt`	Creates a compressed tarball with gzip
`tar -xvfz files.tar.gz`	Extracts a compressed tarball with gzip
`tar -cvfj files.tar.bz2 1.txt 2.txt`	Creates a compressed tarball with bzip2
`tar -xvfj files.tar.bz2`	Extracts a compressed tarball with bzip2

Examples:

# Create an uncompressed archive
$ tar -cvf files.tar 1.txt 2.txt
1.txt
2.txt

$ ls -l files.tar
-rw-r--r-- 1 kronos kronos 10240 Jan 15 10:00 files.tar

# List contents
$ tar -tf files.tar
1.txt
2.txt

# List with details (like ls -l)
$ tar -tvf files.tar
-rw-r--r-- kronos/kronos    1024 2024-01-15 10:00 1.txt
-rw-r--r-- kronos/kronos    2048 2024-01-15 10:00 2.txt

# Extract
$ tar -xvf files.tar
1.txt
2.txt

# Create with gzip compression
$ tar -cvfz files.tar.gz 1.txt 2.txt
1.txt
2.txt

$ ls -l files.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 kronos kronos 2048 Jan 15 10:00 files.tar.gz

# Extract gzip tarball
$ tar -xvfz files.tar.gz
1.txt
2.txt

# Create with bzip2 compression
$ tar -cvfj files.tar.bz2 1.txt 2.txt
1.txt
2.txt

# Extract bzip2 tarball
$ tar -xvfj files.tar.bz2
1.txt
2.txt

# Archive a whole directory
$ tar -cvf project.tar project/
project/
project/file1.txt
project/file2.txt
project/subdir/
project/subdir/file3.txt

# Extract to a specific directory
$ mkdir /tmp/restore
$ tar -xvf project.tar -C /tmp/restore

# Add a file to an existing archive
$ tar -rvf files.tar 3.txt
3.txt

# Verify integrity
$ tar -Wvf files.tar

# Concatenate two archives
$ tar -Avf combined.tar files.tar more.tar

# Exclude files
$ tar -cvf backup.tar --exclude='*.log' project/

# Use xz compression (best ratio, slower)
$ tar -cvfJ files.tar.xz 1.txt 2.txt

Modern style: You can also write tar -czvf or tar -cavf (with a for auto-detect by extension). GNU tar detects the compression from the extension, so tar -caf files.tar.gz dir/ works too.

Directory archiving — important detail:

# Archive the directory itself
$ tar -cvf project.tar project/
project/
project/file1.txt
...

# Archive only the CONTENTS (no leading directory)
$ tar -cvf project.tar -C project .
./
./file1.txt
...

The first version preserves the project/ prefix on extraction. The second extracts into the current directory without creating project/.

c – zip command

zip is used to compress and package files. It can pack multiple files and directories. The extension of the archive file is .zip. Unlike tar, zip compresses as it archives — there’s no separate step.

Why use zip? Compatibility. Windows, macOS, and Linux all open .zip files without extra software. .tar.gz is Unix-centric.

Command	Description
`zip -r 1.zip 1/`	Creates a Zip archive (`-r` = recursive)
`zipinfo 1.zip`	Lists content of a Zip archive
`unzip -v 1.zip`	Extracts files from an archive (`-v` = verbose)
`zip -r -1 output.zip /`	Creates an archive with compression level 1
`--encrypt`	Adds a password to the archive

Compression levels: 0–9, default is 6.

0 = no compression (store only)
1 = fastest, least compression
9 = slowest, best compression
6 = default

Examples:

# Create a zip of a directory
$ zip -r 1.zip 1/
  adding: 1/ (stored 0%)
  adding: 1/file1.txt (deflated 60%)
  adding: 1/file2.txt (deflated 55%)
  adding: 1/subdir/ (stored 0%)
  adding: 1/subdir/file3.txt (deflated 70%)

# Create from multiple files
$ zip archive.zip file1.txt file2.txt
  adding: file1.txt (deflated 60%)
  adding: file2.txt (deflated 55%)

# List contents
$ zipinfo 1.zip
Archive:  1.zip
Zip file size: 2048 bytes, number of entries: 5
drwxr-xr-x  3.0 unx        0 bx stor 24-Jan-15 10:00 1/
-rw-r--r--  3.0 unx     1024 tx defN 24-Jan-15 10:00 1/file1.txt
-rw-r--r--  3.0 unx     2048 tx defN 24-Jan-15 10:00 1/file2.txt
drwxr-xr-x  3.0 unx        0 bx stor 24-Jan-15 10:00 1/subdir/
-rw-r--r--  3.0 unx     4096 tx defN 24-Jan-15 10:00 1/subdir/file3.txt
5 files, 7168 bytes uncompressed, 2800 bytes compressed:  61.0%

# Extract
$ unzip 1.zip
Archive:  1.zip
   creating: 1/
  inflating: 1/file1.txt
  inflating: 1/file2.txt
   creating: 1/subdir/
  inflating: 1/subdir/file3.txt

# Extract verbosely
$ unzip -v 1.zip
Archive:  1.zip
 Length   Method    Size  Cmpr    Date    Time   CRC-32   Name
--------  ------  ------- ---- ---------- ----- --------  ----
       0  Stored        0   0% 2024-01-15 10:00 00000000  1/
    1024  Defl:N      410  60% 2024-01-15 10:00 a1b2c3d4  1/file1.txt
...

# Create with a specific compression level
$ zip -r -1 fast.zip 1/
$ zip -r -9 best.zip 1/

# Add a password (encrypted)
$ zip -r --encrypt secure.zip 1/
Enter password:
Verify password:
  adding: 1/ (stored 0%)
  ...

# Extract a password-protected zip
$ unzip secure.zip
Archive:  secure.zip
[secure.zip] 1/file1.txt password:
  inflating: 1/file1.txt

# Extract to a specific directory
$ unzip 1.zip -d /tmp/restore

# Extract a single file
$ unzip 1.zip 1/file1.txt

# Test integrity
$ unzip -t 1.zip
Archive:  1.zip
    testing: 1/                       OK
    testing: 1/file1.txt              OK
    testing: 1/file2.txt              OK
No errors detected in compressed data of 1.zip.

# Update existing zip (add/replace changed files)
$ zip -r -u 1.zip 1/

# Delete a file from a zip
$ zip -d 1.zip 1/file1.txt
deleting: 1/file1.txt

# Exclude files
$ zip -r 1.zip 1/ -x '*.log'

Common zip options:

Option	Purpose
`-r`	Recursive (include directories)
`-1` … `-9`	Compression level
`-e` / `--encrypt`	Encrypt with a password
`-d`	Delete entries from the archive
`-u`	Update (add/replace changed files)
`-x PATTERN`	Exclude files
`-j`	Junk paths (don’t store directories)
`-q`	Quiet mode
`-m`	Move (delete source files after zipping)

Common unzip options:

Option	Purpose
`-l`	List contents (short)
`-v`	List contents (verbose)
`-d DIR`	Extract to a directory
`-t`	Test integrity
`-o`	Overwrite without prompting
`-n`	Never overwrite existing files
`-q`	Quiet mode
`-p`	Extract to stdout

Complete Example Session

# ============================================
# PART 1: TAR — CREATE
# ============================================

# Uncompressed
$ tar -cvf files.tar 1.txt 2.txt
1.txt
2.txt

$ ls -l files.tar
-rw-r--r-- 1 kronos kronos 10240 Jan 15 10:00 files.tar

# Gzip compressed
$ tar -cvfz files.tar.gz 1.txt 2.txt
1.txt
2.txt

$ ls -l files.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 kronos kronos 2048 Jan 15 10:00 files.tar.gz

# Bzip2 compressed
$ tar -cvfj files.tar.bz2 1.txt 2.txt
1.txt
2.txt

$ ls -l files.tar.bz2
-rw-r--r-- 1 kronos kronos 1800 Jan 15 10:00 files.tar.bz2

# ============================================
# PART 2: TAR — LIST
# ============================================

$ tar -tf files.tar
1.txt
2.txt

$ tar -tvf files.tar
-rw-r--r-- kronos/kronos    1024 2024-01-15 10:00 1.txt
-rw-r--r-- kronos/kronos    2048 2024-01-15 10:00 2.txt

# ============================================
# PART 3: TAR — EXTRACT
# ============================================

$ tar -xvf files.tar
1.txt
2.txt

$ tar -xvfz files.tar.gz
1.txt
2.txt

$ tar -xvfj files.tar.bz2
1.txt
2.txt

# ============================================
# PART 4: TAR — DIRECTORY
# ============================================

$ tar -czvf project.tar.gz project/
project/
project/file1.txt
project/file2.txt
project/subdir/
project/subdir/file3.txt

# Extract to a specific location
$ mkdir /tmp/restore
$ tar -xzvf project.tar.gz -C /tmp/restore

# ============================================
# PART 5: TAR — EXCLUDE
# ============================================

$ tar -czvf backup.tar.gz --exclude='*.log' --exclude='node_modules' project/

# ============================================
# PART 6: ZIP — CREATE
# ============================================

$ zip -r 1.zip 1/
  adding: 1/ (stored 0%)
  adding: 1/file1.txt (deflated 60%)
  adding: 1/file2.txt (deflated 55%)
  adding: 1/subdir/ (stored 0%)
  adding: 1/subdir/file3.txt (deflated 70%)

# ============================================
# PART 7: ZIP — LIST
# ============================================

$ zipinfo 1.zip
Archive:  1.zip
Zip file size: 2048 bytes, number of entries: 5
drwxr-xr-x  3.0 unx        0 bx stor 24-Jan-15 10:00 1/
-rw-r--r--  3.0 unx     1024 tx defN 24-Jan-15 10:00 1/file1.txt
...

# ============================================
# PART 8: ZIP — EXTRACT
# ============================================

$ unzip 1.zip
Archive:  1.zip
   creating: 1/
  inflating: 1/file1.txt
  inflating: 1/file2.txt
  creating: 1/subdir/
  inflating: 1/subdir/file3.txt

$ unzip -v 1.zip
Archive:  1.zip
 Length   Method    Size  Cmpr    Date    Time   CRC-32   Name
--------  ------  ------- ---- ---------- ----- --------  ----
...

# ============================================
# PART 9: ZIP — COMPRESSION LEVELS
# ============================================

$ zip -r -1 fast.zip 1/        # fastest
$ zip -r -9 best.zip 1/        # best
$ zip -r 1.zip 1/              # default (6)

# ============================================
# PART 10: ZIP — ENCRYPTION
# ============================================

$ zip -r --encrypt secure.zip 1/
Enter password:
Verify password:
  adding: 1/ (stored 0%)
  adding: 1/file1.txt (deflated 60%)
  ...

$ unzip secure.zip
Archive:  secure.zip
[secure.zip] 1/file1.txt password:
  inflating: 1/file1.txt

# ============================================
# PART 11: COMPARE SIZES
# ============================================

$ ls -l files.tar files.tar.gz files.tar.bz2 1.zip
-rw-r--r-- 1 kronos kronos 10240 Jan 15 10:00 files.tar
-rw-r--r-- 1 kronos kronos  2048 Jan 15 10:00 files.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 kronos kronos  1800 Jan 15 10:00 files.tar.bz2
-rw-r--r-- 1 kronos kronos  2200 Jan 15 10:00 1.zip

# tar alone: biggest
# tar.gz: smaller
# tar.bz2: smallest
# zip: comparable to tar.gz

Quick Reference

tar — Modes

Option	Purpose
`c`	Create
`x`	Extract
`t`	List
`r`	Append/update
`A`	Concatenate archives
`W`	Verify integrity

tar — Compression

Option	Compression
(none)	No compression
`z`	gzip (`.tar.gz` / `.tgz`)
`j`	bzip2 (`.tar.bz2` / `.tbz2`)
`J`	xz (`.tar.xz`)
`a`	Auto-detect by extension

tar — Common Modifiers

Option	Purpose
`f FILE`	Archive filename
`v`	Verbose
`C DIR`	Change to directory
`p`	Preserve permissions
`--exclude=PAT`	Exclude matching files

tar — Recipes

Command	Purpose
`tar -cvf a.tar files`	Create uncompressed
`tar -tf a.tar`	List
`tar -xvf a.tar`	Extract
`tar -czvf a.tar.gz files`	Create gzip tarball
`tar -xzvf a.tar.gz`	Extract gzip tarball
`tar -cjvf a.tar.bz2 files`	Create bzip2 tarball
`tar -xjvf a.tar.bz2`	Extract bzip2 tarball
`tar -cJvf a.tar.xz files`	Create xz tarball
`tar -xJvf a.tar.xz`	Extract xz tarball
`tar -xvf a.tar -C /tmp`	Extract to a directory
`tar -rvf a.tar newfile`	Append a file
`tar -czvf a.tar.gz dir/ --exclude='*.log'`	Exclude files

zip / unzip

Command	Purpose
`zip -r a.zip dir/`	Create recursive zip
`zip a.zip f1 f2`	Create from files
`zip -1 a.zip dir/`	Fastest compression
`zip -9 a.zip dir/`	Best compression
`zip -e a.zip dir/`	Encrypt with password
`zip -d a.zip file`	Delete an entry
`zip -u a.zip dir/`	Update changed files
`zip -x '*.log' -r a.zip dir/`	Exclude files
`zipinfo a.zip`	List contents
`unzip a.zip`	Extract
`unzip -v a.zip`	Extract verbosely
`unzip -l a.zip`	List (short)
`unzip -d DIR a.zip`	Extract to a directory
`unzip -t a.zip`	Test integrity
`unzip -o a.zip`	Overwrite without prompt

tar vs zip

Aspect	tar	zip
Origin	Unix	DOS/Windows
Compression	Separate (`z`, `j`, `J`)	Built-in
Common extension	`.tar`, `.tar.gz`, `.tar.bz2`	`.zip`
Preserves permissions	Yes	Limited
Preserves symlinks	Yes	Limited
Cross-platform	Unix-centric	Universal
Streaming	Yes	Limited
Best for	Backups, Unix	Sharing with Windows

Best Practices

✅ Do This:

# Use tar for Unix backups (permissions preserved)
tar -czvf backup.tar.gz /home/kronos/  # ✅

# Use zip for cross-platform sharing
zip -r share.zip documents/            # ✅

# Use -C to extract to a specific place
tar -xzvf a.tar.gz -C /tmp/restore     # ✅

# Check contents before extracting
tar -tf a.tar.gz                       # ✅
unzip -l a.zip                         # ✅

# Exclude junk when archiving projects
tar -czvf p.tar.gz project/ --exclude='node_modules'  # ✅

# Encrypt sensitive zips
zip -e secure.zip secrets/             # ✅

# Test integrity after transfer
tar -Wvf a.tar                         # ✅
unzip -t a.zip                         # ✅

# Use xz for the smallest tarballs
tar -cJvf a.tar.xz bigdir/             # ✅

❌ Don’t Do This:

# Don't forget -f with tar
tar -cv files/                         # ❌ writes to tape!

# Don't extract without checking
tar -xvf unknown.tar                   # ❌ may overwrite files

# Don't use zip for Unix-only backups
zip -r backup.zip /etc/                # ❌ loses permissions

# Don't forget -r with zip on directories
zip a.zip dir/                         # ❌ "nothing to do"

# Don't create .tar.gz without -z
tar -cvf a.tar.gz files                # ❌ misnamed

# Don't store passwords in scripts
zip -P secret a.zip files              # ❌ visible in ps

# Don't zip already-compressed files
zip -r a.zip videos/                   # ❌ no gain

Common Pitfalls

Pitfall	Problem	Solution
Forgot `-f`	tar writes to tape	Always use `-f`
Wrong option order	Confusing errors	`tar -cvf a.tar files`
`.tar.gz` without `-z`	Not actually compressed	Add `z`
`zip` skips directories	“nothing to do”	Add `-r`
Extract overwrites files	Data loss	Use `-C` to a temp dir
Permissions lost with zip	Scripts broken	Use tar instead
Password visible	Security leak	Use `zip -e` (prompts)
Huge tarball	Slow transfer	Use `-J` (xz) or split

Real-World Examples

1. Back Up Your Home Directory

$ tar -czvf home-backup-$(date +%F).tar.gz /home/kronos/
...
$ ls -lh home-backup-*.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 kronos kronos 4.2G Jan 15 10:00 home-backup-2024-01-15.tar.gz

2. Extract a Downloaded Tarball

$ wget 'https://example.com/project-1.0.tar.gz'
$ tar -xzvf project-1.0.tar.gz
$ cd project-1.0/
$ ./configure && make && sudo make install

3. Archive a Project Excluding Junk

$ tar -czvf project.tar.gz project/ \
    --exclude='node_modules' \
    --exclude='.git' \
    --exclude='*.log'

4. Extract a Tarball to a Specific Place

$ mkdir -p /opt/apps
$ tar -xzvf app.tar.gz -C /opt/apps

5. Share Files with a Windows User

$ zip -r report.zip report/
$ # send report.zip — Windows opens it directly

6. Compress a Directory Recursively with Zip

$ zip -r website.zip /var/www/html/
  adding: var/www/html/ (stored 0%)
  adding: var/www/html/index.html (deflated 65%)
  ...

7. Add a File to an Existing tar

$ tar -rvf backup.tar newfile.txt
newfile.txt

8. Inspect an Archive Before Extracting

$ tar -tvf suspicious.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- root/root  1024 2024-01-15 10:00 etc/passwd
drwxr-xr-x root/root     0 2024-01-15 10:00 etc/
# ✅ Safe to extract

9. Test a Zip Before Extracting

$ unzip -t archive.zip
Archive:  archive.zip
    testing: file1.txt                OK
    testing: file2.txt                OK
No errors detected in compressed data of archive.zip.

10. Create an Encrypted Zip

$ zip -e private.zip documents/
Enter password:
Verify password:
  adding: documents/ (stored 0%)
  adding: documents/secret.txt (deflated 60%)

11. Split a Large Tarball into Pieces

$ tar -czvf - bigdir/ | split -b 1G - bigdir.tar.gz.part-
$ ls bigdir.tar.gz.part-*
bigdir.tar.gz.part-aa  bigdir.tar.gz.part-ab  ...

# Reassemble
$ cat bigdir.tar.gz.part-* | tar -xzvf -

12. Extract a Single File from a tarball

$ tar -xzvf backup.tar.gz path/to/single-file.txt
path/to/single-file.txt

13. List Contents Without Extracting

$ tar -tf archive.tar.gz
$ unzip -l archive.zip
$ zipinfo archive.zip

Visual: tar vs zip Workflow

┌──────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                  tar                         │
│                                              │
│  files ──► tar bundle ──► tarball            │
│                │                             │
│                ├──► (optionally compress)    │
│                │      gzip (z) → .tar.gz     │
│                │      bzip2 (j) → .tar.bz2   │
│                │      xz (J) → .tar.xz       │
│                │                             │
│                └──► extract: tar -xvf        │
│                                              │
│  Two steps: bundle, then compress            │
│                                              │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────┘

┌──────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                  zip                         │
│                                              │
│  files ──► zip bundle + compress ──► .zip    │
│                                              │
│  One step: bundles and compresses together   │
│                                              │
│  Extract: unzip a.zip                        │
│                                              │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Summary

Command	Purpose	Example
`tar -cvf a.tar files`	Create uncompressed	`tar -cvf a.tar 1.txt 2.txt`
`tar -tf a.tar`	List contents	`tar -tf a.tar`
`tar -xvf a.tar`	Extract	`tar -xvf a.tar`
`tar -czvf a.tar.gz files`	Create with gzip	`tar -czvf a.tar.gz dir/`
`tar -xzvf a.tar.gz`	Extract gzip	`tar -xzvf a.tar.gz`
`tar -cjvf a.tar.bz2 files`	Create with bzip2	`tar -cjvf a.tar.bz2 dir/`
`tar -xjvf a.tar.bz2`	Extract bzip2	`tar -xjvf a.tar.bz2`
`tar -cJvf a.tar.xz files`	Create with xz	`tar -cJvf a.tar.xz dir/`
`tar -xJvf a.tar.xz`	Extract xz	`tar -xJvf a.tar.xz`
`tar -xvf a.tar -C /tmp`	Extract to dir	`tar -xzvf a.tar.gz -C /tmp`
`tar -rvf a.tar newfile`	Append a file	`tar -rvf a.tar 3.txt`
`zip -r a.zip dir/`	Create recursive zip	`zip -r 1.zip 1/`
`zipinfo a.zip`	List contents	`zipinfo 1.zip`
`unzip a.zip`	Extract	`unzip 1.zip`
`unzip -v a.zip`	Extract verbose	`unzip -v 1.zip`
`unzip -d DIR a.zip`	Extract to dir	`unzip 1.zip -d /tmp`
`unzip -t a.zip`	Test integrity	`unzip -t 1.zip`
`zip -e a.zip dir/`	Encrypted zip	`zip -e a.zip dir/`
`zip -1` / `-9`	Compression level	`zip -9 a.zip dir/`

Key takeaways:

tar bundles files into a single archive — it does not compress by itself
Add z (gzip), j (bzip2), or J (xz) to compress while archiving
The three tar modes are c (create), x (extract), t (list) — always with f
zip bundles and compresses in one step — extension is .zip
Use zip -r for directories, unzip -d to extract elsewhere, zipinfo or unzip -l to inspect
Compression levels: 1 = fastest, 9 = best, default 6 (both tar’s gzip and zip)
Use tar for Unix backups (preserves permissions, symlinks, ownership) and zip for sharing with Windows/macOS
Use -C DIR with tar to extract to a specific location
Use --exclude (tar) or -x (zip) to skip files
Always inspect an archive (tar -t, unzip -l, zipinfo) before extracting untrusted files

Remember: tar is the Unix standard — bundle first, compress optionally. zip is the universal format — bundle and compress together. For backups, use tar -czvf. For cross-platform sharing, use zip -r. For the smallest archives, reach for tar -cJvf (xz). Always list contents before extracting, use -C to control where files land, and keep compression levels in mind. Master both, and you can bundle, compress, and move anything.

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