ls -l → shows detailed directory listing the first character indicates the type of the file
→ regular file
d → directory l → symbolic link c → character device b → block device p → pipe s → socket
1st group → characters 2,3,4 denote the owner's permissions (rwx) 2nd group → characters 5,6,7 denote the group member's permissions (rwx) 3rd group → characters 8,9,10 denote the permissions for the rest (rwx) the first character of each group is the read permission (r) the second character of each group is the write permission (w) the third character of each group is the execute permission (x) if they do no have permission then (-) will be instead of (r|w|x) if it is a directory then (x) permission means that the directory can be entered with 'cd'
1.txt is a file, the owner has read and write permissions the group members have only read permission the rest have only read permission d2 is a directory, the owner has read, write and enter permissions the group member have read and enter permissions the rest have read and enter permissions kronos is the user that owns the name users is the group to which the file belongs to