a - ping command ping is a network utility that tests the device if is connected on a network ping google.com → pings google.com. Press Ctrl + C to stop You can also ping localhost to check the local network ping 0 or ping 127.0.0.1 or ping localhost -6 → specifies to request an IPv6 address -4 → specifies to request an IPv4 address, default ping -s 500 -1 google.com → -s specifies the packet size and -i specifies the interval other options: -f → floods a network -c 2 → max packets 2 -w 10 → time limit to 10
b - traceroute command traceroute shows how packets travel from your computer to another computer through the network It is useful diagnosing issues with connections and routes traceroute -4 google.com → uses IPv4 to traceroute. -6 for IPv6 traceroute -m 3 google.com → use maximun 3 hops traceroute -n google.com → -n disables IP address resolution Other options: -p 2324 → specifies the port 2324 to use -q 2 → specifies 2 probes per hop, 50 → specifies the packet length to 50