list of programming languages
Arrays come with dozens of built-in methods — the day-to-day tools that make JavaScript expressive. Some mutate the array in place; others return a new array or a value. Knowing which is which, and when to use what, is the difference between clean code and buggy code. Key point: Every array method falls into one…
The matrix() and matrix3d() functions are the most powerful — and most complex — transform functions in CSS. They let you apply exact mathematical transformations using matrices. Overview Function Dimensions Matrix Size Values matrix() 2D 3×3 (6 values) a, b, c, d, e, f matrix3d() 3D 4×4 (16 values) a through p 1. matrix() —…
The Object global is a toolbox — it’s the constructor for objects, but it also holds static methods that work on any object. These methods are how you enumerate, copy, freeze, compare, and inspect objects. They’re the foundation of modern JavaScript patterns like immutability and destructuring. Key point: Most Object.* methods work on own enumerable…
These three properties unlock the third dimension in CSS. With perspective, rotate3d, and transform-style, you can create stunning 3D effects like cubes, cards, and spatial interfaces. Overview of Features Property/Function Description Values perspective Distance from viewer to z=0 plane Length (e.g., 600px) rotate() 2D rotation around a fixed point Angle (e.g., 45deg) rotate3d() 3D rotation…
A Set is a collection of unique values. Unlike arrays, it never allows duplicates and provides fast lookup with .has(). A WeakSet is a special variant that only holds objects and lets them be garbage-collected when no other references remain. Key point: Use Set when you need uniqueness or fast membership checks on primitives. Use…
48. transform rotateX, rotateY, and rotateZ These three functions are the individual axis rotations in CSS 3D transforms. Each one rotates an element around a specific axis: X (horizontal), Y (vertical), or Z (depth). Overview of Functions Function Axis Equivalent Visual Effect rotateX() Horizontal rotate3d(1, 0, 0, angle) Tilts forward/backward rotateY() Vertical rotate3d(0, 1, 0,…
The Date object represents a single moment in time. It’s been in JavaScript since the beginning, and it carries some quirks — zero-indexed months, mutable objects, inconsistent parsing. But it’s also unavoidable, because every application eventually needs to show, compare, or manipulate dates. Key point: A Date is stored as milliseconds since the Unix epoch…
The scale() and scale3d() functions let you resize elements — making them larger or smaller — without affecting the layout of surrounding elements. Overview of Functions Function Dimensions Values Description scale() 2D s or s1, s2 Uniform or separate X/Y scaling scale3d() 3D s1, s2, s3 X, Y, and Z scaling 1. scale() — 2D…
Regular expressions (regex) are patterns for matching text. They look cryptic at first — /^\d{3}-\d{4}$/ — but they’re the most powerful way to search, validate, and transform strings. Every language has them, and JavaScript’s are among the most capable. Key point: A regular expression is an object that describes a pattern. You can create one…
These three functions are the individual axis scaling functions in CSS transforms. Each one scales an element along a specific axis: X (horizontal), Y (vertical), or Z (depth). Overview of Functions Function Axis Equivalent Effect scaleX() Horizontal scale3d(s, 1, 1) Stretches width scaleY() Vertical scale3d(1, s, 1) Stretches height scaleZ() Depth scale3d(1, 1, s) Stretches…
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