list of programming languages
Node.js has been converging on Web Platform APIs for several versions. fetch became stable in Node.js 21 and enabled by default in 22. Alongside it came FormData, Blob, and File—the classes that make HTTP requests and file handling work the same way in Node.js as they do in the browser. structuredClone completes the picture: a…
Tony Hoare, who introduced the null reference to ALGOL W in 1965, later called it his “billion-dollar mistake.” The problem is not that null exists. It is that null is invisible in the type system. A function returning a reference can return null, and nothing in its signature warns the caller. Every dereference is a…
A query can return millions of rows. The application rarely needs all of them. The user sees a page of ten or twenty results at a time. A dashboard shows the top five performers. A report shows the most recent hundred events. The LIMIT, OFFSET, and TOP clauses are the tools that control how many…
Getters and setters are methods that look like properties. You define get name() and set name(value), and callers use obj.name — no parentheses, no explicit function call. Under the hood, the getter or setter runs. TypeScript adds type checking on both sides: the getter’s return type and the setter’s parameter type. They’re the tool for…
Flexbox (Flexible Box Layout) is a one-dimensional layout system that allows you to arrange elements in rows or columns with flexible sizing and alignment. It’s perfect for responsive designs where items need to resize, reorder, or align based on available space. What is Flexbox? Flexbox is a layout model that distributes space among items in…
An abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated. It exists to be extended. It defines an interface—a set of methods and getters that subclasses must implement—and it may provide partial implementation for those subclasses to inherit. This is the mechanism Dart uses to express contracts: “any class that claims to be a Shape…
24. embed and object Elements The <embed> and <object> elements are used to embed external resources like videos, audio files, PDFs, or even entire web pages into an HTML document. While they are older than <video> and <audio>, they still have useful applications. Overview of Embedding Elements Element Purpose Key Features <embed> Embeds external content…
Destructuring assignment is a feature that allows you to extract data from arrays or objects into variables. It uses syntax that looks similar to array or object literal notation, making your code more concise and readable. A Quick Look at the Examples a. Introduction and Array Destructuring Destructuring assignment allows you to extract data from…
URLs are strings with structure. A URL has a protocol, a host, a port, a path, a query, and a fragment, and each part has its own rules. Treating a URL as an opaque string and manipulating it with regular expressions or string concatenation is how bugs happen: a missing slash, an unencoded space, a…
The match expression is Rust’s most powerful control flow construct. It is not a switch statement. It is an expression that takes a value, compares it against a series of patterns, and executes the code associated with the first pattern that matches. Every arm of a match must return the same type, and the match…