list of programming languages
Node.js provides a set of global objects available in every module without requiring an import statement. These globals form the runtime environment’s foundation, offering access to the current process, console output, binary data handling, and timing functions. Unlike browser JavaScript where the global object is window, Node.js uses global (or the modern globalThis), but with…
Every programming language has its ritual first program, and Rust’s is no exception. But where most languages treat “Hello, world!” as a trivial one-liner, Rust’s version introduces you to the project structure that will define every non-trivial program you write. The cargo new command does not just create a file with a print statement —…
You have seen the relational model and the software that implements it. This chapter is about the structure itself: the table, the row, the column, and the keys that connect them. These are the primitives that every SQL statement operates on. Every SELECT, every INSERT, every JOIN works because the table has columns, the columns…
The TypeScript CLI (tsc) is the program that reads your .ts files, type-checks them, and emits .js. But tsc on its own does almost nothing useful — it needs configuration. That configuration lives in tsconfig.json, a single file at the project root that tells the compiler which files to include, what JavaScript version to target,…
CSS provides multiple ways to specify colors, allowing you to style text, backgrounds, borders, and more. Understanding color formats and properties is essential for creating visually appealing web pages. Color Formats Format Example Description Named Colors red, blue, yellow Predefined color names Hexadecimal #FF0000, #F00 6-digit or 3-digit hex values RGB rgb(255, 0, 0) Red,…
Dart’s type system is built on a small set of core types. The previous chapters covered how variables are declared and how the runtime executes code. This chapter covers the values those variables hold. Dart’s built-in types are not just labels — they are classes with methods, operators, and a defined place in the type…
Now let’s add some content to our page structure. We’ll use paragraphs, line breaks, and preformatted text to control how text is displayed. The Paragraph Element <p> The <p> element represents a paragraph of text. It automatically starts on a new line with a small space above it. Key Points About Paragraphs: Example of Space…
Variables are containers for storing data values. They allow you to refer back to those values by an assigned name, and you can manipulate or access them throughout your code execution. A Quick Look at Variables a. JavaScript Variable Declaration (1 of 2) Variables in JavaScript are used to store and manage data. This data…
Every Node.js file is a module. When you write code in a .js file and run it with Node.js, the runtime wraps that code in a function before executing it. This wrapper provides the require, module, and exports variables that make the module system work. Understanding this mechanism is essential because it explains how code…
Variables in Rust are immutable by default. This single design decision surprises nearly every programmer coming from another language, where mutation is the norm and constancy is the exception. In Rust the default is reversed: you must explicitly opt in to mutability using the mut keyword. The language makes you declare your intent to change…