list of programming languages
An isolate is a sealed box. It has its own heap, its own event loop, and no direct access to anything in another isolate. The only way in or out is a port. A SendPort is a one-way channel into a ReceivePort, and a ReceivePort is the mailbox on the other end. To establish two-way…
JavaScript has two “empty” values: null and undefined. They look similar, they behave similarly in many ways, but they mean different things. Then there’s ?? — the nullish coalescing operator — which finally gives you a clean way to provide defaults without accidentally catching 0, ”, or false. Key point: undefined means “not yet assigned.”…
TypeScript checks types at compile time. It does not exist at runtime. When a request arrives from the network, the body is a JSON object of unknown shape, the query parameters are strings, and the headers are strings. The TypeScript compiler has no opinion about any of them, because the data does not exist when…
The previous chapter introduced Box<T> as a smart pointer that owns a heap value. When Box<String> is used, method calls on the box reach the inner String, and function arguments that expect &str accept a &Box<String>. This transparency is not a special property of Box. It is the Deref trait at work. The trait lets…
The PARTITION BY clause is the part of a window function that divides the rows into groups. Without it, the window is the entire result set. With it, the window is each group, and the function is computed independently within each group. This is what makes “the average salary of the department, shown next to…
TypeScript’s module system is where a lot of confusion lives, because there are two overlapping things: the JavaScript module syntax that ships in the runtime, and the TypeScript type-only import/export syntax that is erased at compile time. On top of that, TypeScript offers several module resolution modes (node, node16, nodenext, bundler, classic) that change how…
This lesson covers six essential animation properties: animation-name, animation-duration, animation-timing-function, animation-delay, animation-iteration-count, and animation-direction. Overview of Properties Property Description Default animation-name Name of the @keyframes rule none animation-duration How long one cycle takes 0s animation-timing-function Speed curve ease animation-delay Wait before starting 0s animation-iteration-count How many times to repeat 1 animation-direction Direction of each cycle…
Dart’s List<int> is a list of boxed objects. Every element is a pointer to a small object on the heap, and every read or write involves a pointer dereference. For an application that manipulates a few hundred numbers, the overhead is invisible. For an application that processes a megabyte of binary data, the overhead is…
Optional chaining (?.) lets you safely access deeply nested properties without checking every level. If any link in the chain is null or undefined, the whole expression short-circuits and returns undefined — instead of throwing a TypeError. Key point: ?. short-circuits the entire expression the moment it hits null or undefined. It doesn’t just skip…
Securing a Node.js API means defending against a range of common threats—from cross-origin abuse and brute-force attacks to injection and data exposure. There is no single “fix” for API security; instead, you build a series of layers that each address a specific class of risk. This chapter focuses on four essential layers that belong in…