The Math object in JavaScript is a versatile tool for performing a wide range of mathematical operations. It provides everything you need to handle most mathematical tasks — from basic arithmetic and rounding to advanced functions like trigonometry and random number generation. Note: Math is a built-in object — you don’t need to create it,…
These two properties control how flex items grow to fill available space and shrink when there isn’t enough space. They’re essential for creating flexible, responsive layouts. Overview of Properties Property Description Default Values flex-grow How much an item can grow relative to siblings 0 Number (e.g., 1, 2, 3) flex-shrink How much an item can…
SVG provides several elements for creating shapes and lines. This chapter covers four essential SVG elements: <ellipse>, <line>, <path>, and <polyline>. Each serves a unique purpose in vector graphics. Overview of SVG Shape Elements Element Purpose Key Attributes <ellipse> Elliptical/circular shapes cx, cy, rx, ry <line> Straight line x1, y1, x2, y2 <polyline> Connected straight…
JSON is a lightweight data interchange format — easy for humans to read and write, and easy for machines to parse and generate. It’s the standard for sending data between a client and a server. A Quick Look at the Examples a. What is JSON? JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight data interchange format….
These three properties give you precise control over initial sizing, space distribution, and direction/wrapping in Flexbox. They’re essential for building sophisticated, responsive layouts. Overview of Properties Property Description Type flex-basis Sets the initial main size of a flex item Longhand flex Shorthand for flex-grow, flex-shrink, flex-basis Shorthand flex-flow Shorthand for flex-direction and flex-wrap Shorthand 1….
The <canvas> element is a powerful HTML element used to draw graphics dynamically using JavaScript. It’s ideal for creating animations, games, data visualizations, image editing, and more. What is the Canvas Element? The <canvas> element provides a drawing surface that you can control with JavaScript. Unlike SVG, which is declarative, canvas uses imperative programming —…
Higher-order functions (HOFs) are functions that take other functions as arguments or return them as results. They’re a core concept in functional programming and allow for more flexible and reusable code. A Quick Look at the Examples a. What is a Higher-Order Function? Higher-order functions (HOFs) are functions that take other functions as arguments or…
These two properties are the alignment powerhouses of Flexbox. They control how items are distributed and aligned within a flex container along the main and cross axes. Overview of Properties Property Axis Description justify-content Main axis Distributes extra space between/around items align-items Cross axis Aligns items within the container 1. justify-content The justify-content property specifies…
MathML (Mathematical Markup Language) is an XML-based markup language used to describe mathematical notations and formulas. It allows you to embed complex mathematical expressions directly into web pages in a structured, accessible way. What is MathML? MathML is designed to integrate mathematical formulas into websites, making them machine-readable, accessible to screen readers, and renderable by…
Encapsulation is one of the fundamental concepts in object-oriented programming (OOP). It’s used to restrict access to some of an object’s internal state — protecting data integrity, managing complexity, and promoting maintainability by allowing controlled access to internal properties and behaviors. A Quick Look at the Examples a. What is Encapsulation? Encapsulation is the practice…
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